Management involves the treatment of symptoms, supportive care, isolation, and experimental measures. While work is underway to develop drugs that inhibit the virus, the primary treatment is symptomatic. The use of face masks or coverings has been recommended in public settings to minimise the risk of transmission.
Other preventive measures include physical or social distancing, quarantining, ventilation of indoor spaces, covering coughs and sneezes, hand washing, and keeping unwashed hands away from the face. Several COVID-19 vaccines have been approved and distributed in various countries, which have initiated mass vaccination campaigns. ĬOVID-19 testing methods to detect the virus's nucleic acid include real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (rRT‑PCR), transcription-mediated amplification, and reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification (RT‑LAMP) from a nasopharyngeal swab. People remain contagious for up to 20 days, and can spread the virus even if they do not develop symptoms.
Transmission can also occur if splashed or sprayed with contaminated fluids in the eyes, nose or mouth, and, rarely, via contaminated surfaces. The risk of breathing these is highest when people are in close proximity, but they can be inhaled over longer distances, particularly indoors. ĬOVID‑19 transmits when people breathe air contaminated by droplets and small airborne particles containing the virus. Multi-year studies are underway to further investigate the long-term effects of the disease. Some people continue to experience a range of effects ( long COVID) for months after recovery, and damage to organs has been observed. Older people are at a higher risk of developing severe symptoms. Of those people who develop symptoms noticeable enough to be classed as patients, most (81%) develop mild to moderate symptoms (up to mild pneumonia), while 14% develop severe symptoms ( dyspnoea, hypoxia, or more than 50% lung involvement on imaging), and 5% develop critical symptoms ( respiratory failure, shock, or multiorgan dysfunction). At least a third of people who are infected do not develop noticeable symptoms. Symptoms may begin one to fourteen days after exposure to the virus. Symptoms of COVID‑19 are variable, but often include fever, cough, headache, fatigue, breathing difficulties, loss of smell, and loss of taste. The disease quickly spread worldwide, resulting in the COVID-19 pandemic. The first known case was identified in Wuhan, China, in December 2019. Coronavirus disease 2019 ( COVID-19) is a contagious disease caused by a virus, the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2).
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